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17th cent. |
Cyprus under
Ottoman Turkish rule (since 1571); Ionian Islands (Corfu,
Paxos, Leukas, Ithaca, Cephalonia, Zante, and Cerigo -- collectively
known to the ancient Greeks as Heptanesus) under Venetian Rule
(since1386) |
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1718 |
Treaty of Passarowitz:
all that remained of the Venetian Empire was the Dalmatian Coast
and the Ionian Islands |
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1796.05.16 |
War
of the First Coalition: French-sponsored Lombard Republic
(including Venice and Ionian Islands) established in
northern Italy after Napoleon defeated Austrians and Piedmontese |
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1797.04.18 |
preliminary
Peace of Loeben: France ceded much Venetian territory (Dalmatia,
Istria, and region between the Oglio and Po) to Austria after
Venetian and Tyrolese uprising against French; Austria in return
recognised the French puppet Cisalpine Republic in northern
Italy |
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1797.05 |
France
declared war on what was left of Venice, occupying it and the
Ionian Islands |
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1797.10.17 |
Treaty
of Campo Formio: Austria received Dalmatia, Istria and the city
of Venice, but France retained the Ionian Islands |
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1799 |
War
of the Second Coalition: Austrian and Russian forces (allied
with Britain) captured virtually all of France's conquests in
northern Italy; France surrendered the Ionian Islands
to Russia |
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1800 |
Russian
protectorate of the "Septinsular Republic" (Ionian Islands)
established |
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1807 |
War
of the Fourth Coalition: Russian army disintegrated |
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1807.07.09 |
Treaty
of Tilsit: Russia reluctantly became an ally of the French and
ceded the Ionian Islands to France; French later defeated
Austrians at Wagram |
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1809.10.14 |
Treaty of Schoenbrunn: Austria ceded to France all lands beyond
the Save River, and France organised these together with the
Ionian Islands into the "Illyrian Provinces" ruled directly
from Paris |
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1814 |
with France defeated and Napoleon exiled,
Britain occupied the Ionian Islands (and Austria annexed
Venice)
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1815.11.05 |
British Protectorate
of the Ionian Islands established |
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1821-1831 |
Greek
War of Independence from Ottoman Empire; Greece claimed other
Greek-populated areas, including Cyprus |
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1864.06.05 |
Britain ceded Ionian
Islands to Greece in order to help stabilise its new Danish
royal dynasty; (Greece had first chosen British Prince Albert
as its king, but the British government disapproved) |
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1877-1878 |
Russo-Turkish
War |
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1878.06.04 |
Secret Anglo-Turkish
agreement: Britain agreed to protect Turkey against further
Russian advances in return for permission to occupy Cyprus
as a strategic base (with the Ottoman Empire retaining theoretical
sovereignty over Cyprus) |
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1914.11.05 |
First World War: Britain
declared war on Ottoman Empire |
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1914.11.06 |
Britain
proclaimed annexation of Cyprus |
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1918.10.30 |
Armistice
of Mudros: Turkey ceased hostilities, demobilised, opened the
Bosporus Straits, and repatriated prisoners |
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1920.08.10 |
Treaty of Sèvres:
Straits internationalised and demilitarised, Sultanate of Constantinople
renounced claims to non-Turkish territory and recognised British
administration of Palestine
and Mesopotamia |
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1923.07.24 |
Treaty of Lausanne
replaced Treaty of Sèvres: Turkey recognised British
sovereignty in Cyprus |
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1925.05.01 |
Britain declared
Cyprus a Crown Colony |
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1939-1945 |
Second
World War: Cyprus of no strategic importance, but Cypriots
served as auxiliaries in British armed forces in other theatres |
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1944-1949 |
Greek
Civil War |
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1952.02.20 |
Greece and Turkey
joined NATO |
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1954 |
Britain refused
to grant independence to Cyprus and United Nations refused to
consider the problem |
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1955.11.26 |
State of Emergency
declared in Cyprus [q.v. for more detail] |
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1959.02.19 |
British,
Greek, Turkish and Cypriot leaders signed London agreement
on Cyprus independence |
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1959.12.24 |
State
of Emergency ended |
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1960.08.16 |
Cyprus
independence as a republic within British Commonwealth;
Treaty of Guarantee: Britain, Greece and Turkey maintain troops
in Cyprus to guarantee its independence, and Britain retained
Sovereign Base Areas (SBA) of Akrotiri and Dhekelia |
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1960.09.20 |
Cyprus joined United
Nations |
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1963.12.21 |
communal
violence erupted in Cyprus |
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1963.12.24 |
Turkish
troops in Cyprus moved to restore order according to provisions
of the 1960 treaty |
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1964.01.01 |
Cyprus
abrogated 1960 Treaty of Guarantee with Britain, Greece and
Turkey |
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1964.03.04 |
UN
Security Council established UNFICYP to restore order in Cyprus |
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1964.03.27 |
UNFICYP
arrived in Cyprus (originally consisting of Irish,
Swedish and Canadian troops,
later also British, Australian,
Austrian, Danish, Ghanaian,
Indian, Italian, Dutch,
Norwegian, Pakistani
and Yugoslav) |
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1974.07.15 |
Coup d'etat by
Cypriot National Guard under direction from fascist Colonels'
regime (1967-1974) in Greece overthrew President Makarios, set
up EOKA leader Nikos Sampson as president, and declared union
with Greece |
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1974.07.20 |
citing
1960 treaty provisions, Turkey invaded Cyprus and occupied Turkish
Cypriot enclave and surrounding regions |
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1974.07.23 |
Leader
of Greek junta ordered war on Turkey, but army refused, overthrew
junta and restored civilian rule |
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1974.07.30 |
representatives
of Greece, Turkey and Britain agreed to cease fire |
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1974.08.13 |
when
Greece refused Turkey's demand for a partition of Cyprus, Turkey
launched second invasion and occupied forty percent of island |
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1974.08.16 |
UNFICYP established
buffer zone between Turkish and Greek zones |
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1975.02.13 |
Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus established in northern Cyprus, recognised only
by Turkey |
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1975.12.07 |
Makarios restored
as president of Cyprus (died 1977) |
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1983.11.15 |
proclamation of
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus institutionalised
partition of the island |
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1992 |
Denmark withdrew
from UNFICYP |
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1993.06 |
Canada withdrew
from UNFICYP citing lack of progress in resolving Cyprus issue |
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2004.02.13 |
Greek and Turkish
Cypriot leaders accepted UN Secretary General's plan for ending
the island's partition |
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2004.04.24 |
in a popular referendum,
Greek Cypriots rejected the UN reunification plan |
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2004.05.01 |
Greek Cyprus joined
the European Union, with Turkish Cyprus remaining unrecognised
except by Turkey |
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